Abstract

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a treatable condition. In mild stages, smoking cessation and intermittent use of short acting bronchodilators are needed to reduce symptoms and improve prognosis. In patients with persistent symptoms, long-acting bronchodilators may be needed to reduce symptoms. In patients who have frequent or recurrent exacerbations, inhaled corticosteroids may be added to a long-acting beta-2 agonist. In such patients, pulmonary rehabilitation should also be offered. In severe disease and in patients with previous hospitalizations, a combination of inhaled corticosteroids, tiotropium and long-acting beta-2 agonists may be required to reduce morbidity. During exacerbations, patients should be treated with a short course of oral corticosteroids and antibiotics. With these measures, the health outcomes of COPD patients can be optimized.